{{Free solo climbing}} on an overhanging route over a body of water to absorb any fall.^[2]​}}

In {{lead climbing}} where two thinner ropes are used instead of a single rope to manage {{drag|rope drag}}. Compare {{twin ropes}}.^[29]​}}

E-grade

Part of the British adjectival grading system that is used to rank the level of risk (a separate grade is given for technical difficulty) of {{traditional climbing}} routes, and which goes E1, E2, E3, ... to E11 (an additional metric is used for technical difficulty).^[4]​

edging

Using the edge of a {{climbing shoe}} on a narrow foothold; in the absence of footholds, {{smearing}} is used.

Egyptian

 

See {{Drop knee}}.^[1]​^[11]​

Egyptian bridging

The same position as {{bridging}} or {{chimneying}}, but with one leg in front and one behind the body.

eight-thousander

A mountain whose elevation exceeds 8,000 meters (26,247 ft) a.s.l, of which there are only 14 in the world.

eliminate

1.   A {{bouldering}} move, or series of moves, where certain holds are placed "off bounds".^[2]​

2.   A British climbing term for a route that does not take the most obvious or direct line, and instead 'eliminates' the use of other features to create its line (e.g. not allowing the climber to use a nearby crack in making their ascent).^[2]​

Elvis legs

See {{sewing-machine leg}}.^[2]​

enchainment

A mountaineering term to describe linking-up several individual climbs to create a larger undertaking.

energy absorber

 

A piece of {{protection}} equipment used in {{via ferrata}} climbing to absorb the energy of the arrest of any fall. See {{lanyard}}.

epic

An otherwise ordinary climb that turned into a major struggle.

ERNEST

An acronym for Equalised, Redundant, No Extension, Strong, and Timely, in building {{anchor|anchors}}. See {{serene|SERENE}}.

etrier

 

A short ladder made of {{webbing}} that is used for {{aid climbing}}.^[2]​^[44]​

European death knot

A flat overhand used to join a pair of ropes for retrievable {{abseil|abseils}}; considered dubious in America.

expedition style

Using teams of support people (e.g. support climbers, sherpas, and/or equipment porters, etc.), and equipment (e.g. {{fixed rope}}, base camps, etc.) in helping the lead climbers reach the eventual summit; opposite of {{alpine style}}.

exposure

The level of empty space below or around a climber who is not in a secure position.^[2]​

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face climbing

Any climbing on vertical rock using finger holds, {{edge|edges}}, and {{smearing|smears}}, as opposed to {{crack climbing}}.^[1]​

fall factor

Ratio of the height (h) a climber falls to the rope length (l) available to absorb the energy of a fall.^[1]​^[2]​

false peak

A peak that appears to be the pinnacle of the mountain but upon reaching, it turns out the summit is higher (and further ahead).}}

figure-four

 

An advanced climbing technique in which the climber hooks a leg over the opposite arm (which needs to be in a good handhold), and then pushes down with this leg to achieve a greater vertical reach; more common in {{mixed climbing}}.^[2]​

figure-nine

A variation of the {{figure-four}} move where the "same-side" leg is used instead of the "opposite" leg.^[2]​}}

figure eight

 

A {{belay device}} or {{descender}} that is shaped like the number eight.^[2]​^[12]​

figure-eight knot

 

A knot commonly used to {{tie in}} a climber's {{harness}} to the climbing rope.

finger jam

A type of {{jamming|jam}} using the fingers in a crack.^[1]​}}

finger board

Training equipment used to build finger strength. See also {{hangboard}}.^[2]​

first ascent

The first successful ascent of a new {{route}} by any means, including {{aid climbing}} (i.e. not via {{free climbing}}).}}

first free ascent

The {{first ascent}} of a new {{route}} without {{aid climbing|aid}}, following the {{free climbing}} criteria of a {{redpoint}}.}}

first female free ascent

The first female to complete a free ascent of a route that has already had an FFA.}}

fist jam

A type of {{jamming|jam}} using the hand.

fixed rope

 

A rope that hangs from a fixed attachment point; commonly used for {{abseil|abseiling}} (going down) or for {{jumar|jumaring}} (going up).

flagging

A rock-climbing technique where a leg is held in a position to maintain balance, rather than to support weight, often to prevent a {{barn-door}}.^[2]​ There are three types of flagging:^[12]​^[11]​

normal flag

Flagging foot stays on the same side (e.g. flagging right foot to the right side of the body).^[12]​^[11]​

reverse inside-flag

Flagging foot is crossed in front of the foot that is on a foothold.^[12]​^[11]​

reverse outside-flag

Flagging foot is crossed behind the foot that is on a foothold.^[12]​^[11]​

flake

A thin slab of rock detached from the main face offering a hold, although it may become detached.^[2]​

flash

To ascend a route on the first attempt, but having obtained {{beta}}; with no beta, it is an {{on-sight}}.^[1]​^[2]​^[45]​^[3]​

font

The French {{grade}} system for {{bouldering}}, which goes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 6C, 7A, 7B, 7C, .... , to 9A; with the American {{v-grade|V-grade}} system, is the most common worldwide boulder-grading system. Font grades are often confused with {{French grade}}s.^[6]​}}

foot jam

A technique of {{jamming}} the foot into a large crack by twisting so that the heel and toes touch the sides.}}

flapper

The tearing of skin and flesh due to friction with sharp or rough surfaces.

fourteener

A mountain summit that exceeds 14 000 pies (4267,2 m), particularly one in the contiguous United States.

freeBASE

{{Free solo climbing}} but with a BASE jumping parachute as a backup in the event of a fall.

free climbing

Climbing without artificial {{aid climbing|aids}} other than for {{protection}}; can be done as {{sport climbing}} or {{traditional climbing}}.^[2]​

free solo climbing

 

Climbing without any type of {{aid climbing|aid}} or any form of climbing {{protection}}.}}

French free climbing

The use of very basic {{aid climbing}} techniques (i.e. {{A-grade|A0-graded}} aid techniques such as pulling on climbing protection) to bypass a short section that is not easily climbable, particularly used in {{big wall climbing}}.^[46]​

French grade

The French {{grade}} system for {{sport climbing}}, which goes: 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, .... , to 9c; with the American {{yosemite decimal system|YDS}} system, is the most common sport climbing grading system. French grades are often confused with {{font}} grades.^[6]​}}

French start

Moving off for the second hold without being established on the start holds, thus using the floor as a foothold. In most {{competition climbing}}, including {{IFSC}} events, starting a climb in this manner invalidates the attempt.^[47]​

frenchies

An exercise used to develop lock-off strength consisting of pull-ups that stop with the elbows locked at angles between 20 and 160 degrees.

friable

Delicate and easily broken rock, or ice, often dangerously so.

friction climbing

A rock-climbing technique relying solely on the friction between the sloped rock and the sole of the {{climbing shoe|shoe}}.

Friend

 

The name of Wild Country's {{spring-loaded camming device}} (SLCD) {{protection}}, and a generic name for SLCDs.^[2]​

front pointing

An {{ice climbing}} technique that uses the frontmost-spikes of the {{crampons}} to ascend iced routes.

fruit boot

 

Type of lightweight shoe used in {{mixed climbing}} and {{ice climbing}} that have in-built {{crampons}}.

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gaiters

Mountaineering clothing equipment that is worn over the boots and lower leg to give added protection and waterproofing.

Gaston

A climbing grip using one hand with the thumb down and elbow out, like a reverse {{side pull}}. The grip maintains friction against a hold by pressing outward toward the elbow. Named for Gaston Rébuffat.^[1]​^[2]​^[11]​

gate flutter

The unwelcome action of the gate on a {{carabiner}} opening during a fall.

gendarme

A rock-pinnacle or isolated rock-tower encountered along a ridge; often at the intersection of ridges.

Geneva rappel

A modified {{Dulfersitz}} {{rappel}} using the hip and downhill arm for friction — less complex, but less friction and control.

GiGi

A {{belay device|belay plate device}} for belaying a second from above that has auto-blocking; made by Kong. See also {{sticht plate|Sticht plate}}.

glissade

 

A voluntary act of sliding down a steep slope of snow using an {{ice axe}} for control.

grade

Classifications intended as an objective measure of the technical difficulty of a climbing route (including rock, ice, bouldering, mixed, and aid). The most widely used {{lead climbing}}} grading systems are the {{French grade|French sport climbing grades}}, and the American {{yosemite decimal system|Yosemite Decimal System}}; for {{bouldering}}, it is the {{font}} grade and the {{v-grade|V-grade}} systems.^[2]​^[6]​

grade milestone

The {{first free ascent}} (FFA) by a {{lead climber}} of a new {{climbing route}} that sets a new grade level (e.g. the first-ever 9b grade milestone was Chris Sharma's FFA of Jumbo Love in 2008).

greenpoint

Ascending a {{sport climbing}} route but only using {{traditional climbing}} protection (e.g. Principle Hope). See {{redpoint}}.^[48]​}}

Grigri

 

A {{belay device}} invented and manufactured by Petzl; also used in rope solo climbing.^[2]​

gronked

Accidentally going off-route {{lead climbing|leading}} into a harder route; from the notorious climb Gronk in Avon Gorge.

ground fall

Where a {{lead climber}} falls and hits the ground, either because their {{protection}} failed (e.g. {{zipper fall}}), the {{runout}} was too great, or the {{belayer}} failed to arrest or hold the rope.^[2]​}}

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half ropes

See {{double ropes}}.^[29]​

hand jam

A type of {{jamming|jam}} using the hand in a crack.^[1]​

hand traverse

{{traverse|Traversing}} without any definitive footholds, i.e. no {{edging}}, {{smearing}} or {{heelhooking}}.

hangboard

 

A training device to increase the climber's arm and finger strength. See {{campus board}}.^[49]​

hangdog

To hang on the rope, or a piece of {{protection}}, after falling, and then start reclimbing without returning to the ground.^[50]​}}

hanging belay

 

Where the {{belay station}} of the {{belayer}} is suspended from the ground and tied to the wall via a fixed {{anchor}} point; used in {{big wall|big wall climbing}} and {{multi-pitch climbing}}.

heel spurs

Type of {{crampons|crampon}} attachment to the back of the heel used in {{mixed climbing}} to perform a {{heel hook}}.^[51]​

high-altitude cerebral edema

A severe and often fatal form of altitude sickness caused by physical exertion without sufficient oxygen.^[35]​}}

high-altitude pulmonary edema

A severe form of altitude sickness caused by physical exertion without sufficient oxygen.^[35]​}}

harness

A sewn nylon webbing load-bearing device that is worn around the climber's waist and thighs, and to which the climbing rope, and other load-bearing climbing devices, can be attached.^[2]​}}

haul bag

 

A large hard-wearing bag for supplies and equipment that can be dragged up multi-pitch or {{big wall}} routes.

headpoint

{{Top-roping}} a {{traditional climbing}} route before {{clean|lead climbing}} it to practice the moves. See {{redpoint}}.^[48]​}}

headwall

A region at the top of a cliff or rock face that steepens dramatically.

heel hook

 

Using the back of the heel to apply pressure on a {{hold}} for balance or for leverage.^[1]​^[2]​^[12]​

heel-toe

A combination of a {{toe hook}} and {{heel hook}} to hold the body onto the climbing route.}}

hero loop

A short {{runner}} made of 5- to 8-mm {{cord}} tied in to a loop. Commonly used for self-belay during {{rappel}}, escaping a {{belay}}, and in {{crevasse}} rescue.^[52]​

hexcentric

 

A {{protection|protective device}} consisting of an eccentric hexagonal {{nut}} attached to a wire loop.

highball

 

A {{boulder problem}} over circa 5-10 metros (16,4-32,8 pies) high, where falling is dangerous.^[1]​^[2]​

hip belay

A method of {{belay|belaying}}, whereby the rope friction is increased by passing the rope around the hip of the belayer.

hold

A place to temporarily cling, grip, jam, press, or stand in the process of climbing a route.^[2]​ See {{volume hold}}.

HMS carabiner

A round-ended {{carabiner}} for use with a {{Munter hitch}} (from German for the hitch; Halbmastwurfsicherung).

hook

A mechanical piece of climbing equipment used in {{aid climbing}}. See also {{skyhook}}.}}

hueco

A round hold consisting of a pocket in the rock with a positive lip, varying in size from a single finger (a "mono") to body-sized. The term comes from Hueco Tanks that is notable for huecos, the Spanish term for a "hole".

hueco scale

See {{V-grade}}.^[1]​

I

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ice axe

 

A multi-purpose tool used in {{alpine climbing}} that is a combination of an ice pick, {{adze}}, and pointed stick.

ice climbing

Ascending iced routes (e.g. waterfalls, and couloirs), with specialized equipment. See {{mixed climbing}}.^[1]​

ice hammer

 

A lightweight {{ice axe}} with a hammer and pick head on a short handle, and no spike. See also {{rock hammer}}.

ice piton

 

A long, wide, serrated {{piton}} that can be used for weak {{protection}} on ice.

ice screw

Modern {{protection}} device in {{ice climbing}}, with the tubular ice screw as the strongest.^[53]​

ice tool

A specialized elaboration of the modern {{ice axe}} that is used in modern advanced {{ice climbing}}.

IFSC

Acronym for the international body that organises and regulates {{competition climbing}}. See {{uiaa|UIAA}}.

indoor climbing

Rock climbing that takes place on artificial {{climbing wall}}s that are set up inside buildings.

in-situ

Denotes {{protection}} that is installed on the route (e.g. "there is a {{piton}} and {{sling}} "in-situ" at the {{crux}}").^[2]​

isolation zone

In {{competition climbing}}, an area where competitiors are kept to prevent them getting {{beta}} on the upcoming routes.^[54]​

J

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jamming

 

Wedging a body part into a crack, including {{finger jam}}, {{foot jam}}, {{hand jam}}, and {{chest jam}}.^[2]​

jib

A very small foothold, large enough for the big toe, relying heavily on friction to support the weight.

jug

See {{bucket}}.^[1]​^[2]​

jumar

A type of mechanical {{ascender}}, and the generic term for ascending a {{fixed rope}} using a mechanical ascender.

K

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karabiner

See {{carabiner}}.^[2]​

Klemheist knot

An alternative to the {{prusik|Prusik knot}}, useful when the climber is short of cord but has plenty of webbing.

knee bar

Wedging a knee against a hold in such a way as to allow the other limbs to be released and rested.^[1]​^[55]​

knee drop

See {{Egyptian}}.

knee pad

An artificial pad that is worn on the lower thigh to protect a climber when performing a {{knee bar}}; initially controversial as they raised technical standards, but came to be accepted like climbing shoes.^[56]​^[57]​

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ladder

 

Lightweight rigid aluminum ladders are used in {{expedition style}} mountaineering to cross crevasses or on difficult sections as a form of {{aid climbing}} support (this can also be done with flexible {{bachar ladder}}s). See also {{aider}}.

lanyard

 

A Y-shaped piece of {{protection}} equipment used in {{via ferrata}} climbing that attaches the {{harness}} to the fixed steel cables. Lanyards often attach to {{energy absorber}}s given the higher {{fall factor}} of via ferrata climbing.

laybacking

 

Climbing an edge by {{side pull|side-pulling}} with both hands and using opposing friction for the feet.^[1]​^[2]​^[11]​

lead climbing

A form of climbing in which a {{lead climber}} clips their {{belay}} rope into {{protection}} equipment as they ascend.^[1]​^[2]​}}

lead climber

The individual ascending the route in {{lead climbing}}; the other person is the {{belayer}}.^[1]​^[2]​}}

leader fall

A {{lead climber}} fall while {{lead climbing}}; will be at least twice the distance to the last piece of {{protection}}.

Leavittation

A technique used to climb {{off-width}} cracks pioneered in the late 1970s by Randy Leavitt and Tony Yaniro that uses alternating hand-fist stacks and leg-calf locks; helpful for resting, and when placing {{protection}}.^[58]​

liquid chalk

A liquid form of {{climbing chalk}} but with a longer hold time.

live rope

In {{lead climbing}}, the segment of the rope between the {{lead climber}} and the {{belayer}}.^[2]​

lock-off

 

A climber holding a fixed position with one bent arm, usually while clipping or reaching for another hold with their other arm, or resting. Contrast with {{dead hang}}.^[1]​

lolotte

See {{Egyptian}}.

lower-off

When a {{lead climber}} is lowered down the route by the {{belayer}} holding their weight on the {{belay device}}.

low zone

In competition bouldering, a marked hold somewhere between the start and zone. It is either worth some number of points (less than the zone) or used as a tiebreaker.

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M-grade

Part of the {{mixed climbing}} system for {{grade|grading}} the technical difficulty of mixed climbing routes, which goes: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, and up to M14.^[4]​ See also {{D-grade}}.}}

mantel move

 

Moving onto a shelf of rock by pressing down on it with the palms until the climber can stand on the "mantel" (i.e. the same action as leaving from the side of a pool).^[1]​^[2]​^[12]​^[11]​

mixed climbing

A type of climbing that involves using {{ice climbing}} tools on iced-up or snow-covered rock surfaces; mixed climbing techniques are used in {{dry-tooling}} and in {{alpine climbing}}.^[51]​

mono

 

A climbing hold, typically a {{pocket}} or a {{hueco}}, which only has enough room for one finger.^[1]​^[2]​

moving together

See {{simul climbing}}.

multi-pitch climbing

A climb that has more than one {{pitch}}; a {{big wall}} route involves so many pitches, it takes over a day.

Munter hitch

A simple hitch used for {{belay|belaying}} without a mechanical {{belay device}}. }}

N

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National Climbing Classification System

A North American grading system used mainly in {{big wall climbing}} and {{alpine climbing}}; goes from I, II, III ... to VII.}}

névé

Permanent granular ice formed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

new wave

See {{A-grade}}.

no-hand rest

 

An entirely leg-supported resting position during climbing that does not require hands on the rock.

normal route

The easiest and most frequently used route for ascending and descending a climb.^[59]​}}

nunatak

A mountain or rock formation that protrudes through an ice field.

nut

 

A metal wedge attached to a wire loop that is inserted into cracks for {{protection}}. See {{hexcentric}}.^[2]​

nut key

See {{cleaning tool}}.}}

O

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off belay

American {{climbing command}} when requesting that the {{belayer}} remove {{belay}} equipment from the climbing rope (e.g. when cleaning top {{protection}} from a lead route). Replied to with "{{belay off}}".^[15]​

off-width

 

A crack that is too wide for effective hand or foot {{jamming|jams}} but is not as large as a {{chimney}}.^[1]​^[2]​ See {{big bro}}.

on belay

American {{climbing command}} when they are ready to be {{belay|belayed}}. Replied to with "{{belay on}}".^[15]​

on-sight

To ascend a route on the first attempt, with no prior {{beta}}; with beta, it is a {{flash}}.^[1]​^[2]​^[45]​

open book

An inside angle in the rock. See also {{dihedral}}.

open project

A route that was {{bolt}}ed by someone (e.g. they bought and installed the bolts) but who was unsuccessful in {{redpoint}}ing it, and it is now considered to be "open" to any climber to try; sometimes the original bolter will leave colored tape on the first bolt(s) to note the route is "not open".^[60]​

overhang

A section of rock or ice that is angled beyond the vertical. See {{roof}}.^[2]​

P

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paddling

A multi-move {{dyno}} where the climber must move quickly through a sequence of intermediate hand holds (neither of which can hold the climber for any period), with their arms mimicking a paddling action and their feet usually in mid-air, before getting to a secure position. See also {{campusing}}.^[43]​

passive protection

Type of {{protection}} that remains static during a fall; opposite of {{active protection}}. See {{nut}}s and {{hexcentric}}s.

peak-bagging

To systematically attain every peak of a designated class of summits (e.g. eight-thousanders), sometimes under prescribed conditions (e.g. in winter), and/or in a prescribed climbing style (e.g. no supplementary oxygen.)

peg

A {{piton}}.

pendulum

1.  Swinging on a taut anchored rope to reach the next hold in a {{traverse|pendulum traverse}}.

2.  A swing experienced during a fall caused by the last piece of {{protection}} being far to one side.

permadraw

A {{quickdraw}} but made from a steel cable with steel {{carabiner}}s that is permanently fixed to the {{bolt}}; longer wearing than aluminum quickdraws, and climbers do not need to retrieve them after a climb.^[1]​

personal anchor system

An adjustable attachment point from a climber to a fixed {{anchor}}, give them flexibility to perform other tasks.}}

picket

A long, tubular rod driven into the snow to provide a makeshift {{anchor}}.}}

pinch hold

A hold, which must be "pinched" between the fingers to use it.^[2]​^[12]​}}

pinkpoint

{{Lead climbing}} where the {{protection}} (e.g. {{quickdraw}}s) are pre-installed. See also {{greenpoint}} and {{redpoint}}.^[2]​^[48]​

pitch

The climbing route between two {{belay}} points with a "full pitch" being the length of the rope, circa 50 metros (164 pies).^[1]​^[2]​

piton

 

A flat or angled metal blade of steel for {{protection}} that incorporates a clipping hole for a {{carabiner}} or a ring in its body that is {{rock hammer|hammered}} into cracks; comes in a wide range of designs and types for different crack types and widths; common in {{aid climbing}}, {{big wall climbing}}, and {{alpine climbing}}.^[1]​^[2]​ See also {{rurp|RURP}}.

piton catcher

A clip-on string fastened to a {{piton}} when inserting or removing, so as to avoid loss.

plunge step

An aggressive step pattern for descending on hard or steep-angle snow.

poop tube

 

A PVC tube-shaped container for carrying out human feces during multi-day or {{big wall climbing|big wall}} climbs.^[61]​

portaledge

 

A lightweight foldaway tent platform used in {{big wall climbing}} to create a rest point on a sheer rock face.

positive

A {{hold}} or part of a hold with a surface facing upwards, or away from the direction it is pulled, facilitating use. A positive hold is the opposite of a {{sloper}}.

pressure breathing

Forcefully exhaling to facilitate O₂/CO₂ exchange at altitude.}}

problem

Used in {{bouldering}} to describe the sequence of moves to be overcome.^[2]​}}

progress capture device

 

A mechanical climbing device that allows the rope to move through it in only one direction, examples being the Petzl Micro Traxion or the Camp Lift; PCDs are used in many climbing tasks including gear hauling, belaying, top rope solo climbing and in simul-climbing.^[62]​^[63]​ See also {{Self-locking device}}.

project

An attempt over time to climb a new (worldwide or personal) {{route}} or boulder {{problem}} as a "project".}}

protection

 

Equipment for arresting {{lead climber}} falls, or to create {{anchor|anchors}} for {{abseil}}s or {{belay}}s. Examples are {{passive protection|passive}} ({{bolt}}s, {{copperhead}}s, {{hexcentric}}s, {{ice screw}}s, {{nut}}s, {{quickdraw}}s, and {{skyhook}}s), and {{active protection|active}} ({{cam}}s, {{friend}}s, {{tricam}}s).^[1]​^[2]​}}

Prusik

A knot used for ascending a {{fixed rope}}, named after Austrian Karl Prusik, who developed this knot in 1931.^[2]​

pulley

 

The lightweight mechanical pully that has wide application in climbing including big wall climbing (especially gear hauling) and crevasse rescue and in tyrolean traverseing.

pump

The accumulation of metabolic waste products in the forearm(s) so that holding a basic grip becomes impossible.^[2]​}}

Q

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quickdraw

A piece of climbing {{protection}} that is used to attach a running rope to an {{anchor}} or a {{bolt}}. See {{permadraw}}.^[1]​^[2]​}}

quicklink

A screw-type oval-shaped stainless steel {{carabiner}} which is smaller than the normal carabiner.}}

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rack

 

 

1.  Name given to the collective set of {{protection}} equipment carried by a {{lead climber}} up a climb.^[1]​^[2]​

2.  A type of heavy-duty "all-weather" {{descender}} known as an "abseil rack" or a "rappel rack", consisting of metal bars on a U-shaped chassis, which is frequently used in caving. An alternative heavier device is a "whaletail" (also "whale tail") which is a machined block often used by rescuers.^[64]​

rappel

See {{abseil}}.

rating

See {{grade}}.

re-belay

Secondary or intermediate fixed {{anchor|anchor point(s)}} along the length of a {{fixed rope}} (i.e. in addition to the main {{anchor|anchor}} at the top of the fixed rope) that is used to avoid edges that could increase rope wear.^[65]​}}

rebolting

The replacement of older {{bolt|bolts}} on an existing bolted {{sport climbing}} route.

redpoint

{{free climbing|Free climbing}} a route by {{lead climbing|leading}} it after having failed it or practiced it beforehand (e.g. by {{hangdog|hangdogging}}, {{headpoint}}ing, or {{top rope climbing|top roping}}). A route climbed on the first-ever attempt (and no practice), it is an {{onsight}} or a {{flash}}. See {{first free ascent}}.^[1]​^[2]​}}

removable bolt

A removable {{protection}} {{bolt}}, similar in concept to a sliding {{nut}}, but shaped to fit into a drilled hole; popular in {{aid climbing}}.}}

rest step

An energy-saving mountaineering technique where the unweighted (uphill) leg is rested between each forward step, by "locking" the knee of the rear leg.

retro-bolting

The addition of {{bolt|bolts}} to a route that has already been ascended using {{traditional climbing}} {{protection}}. The technique is controversial, with ethical debate on the issues of improving climber safety versus protecting the integrity of the original traditional climbing challenge.^[66]​^[67]​

rigging plate

 

A light metal plate with several holes that can be used as a multi-anchor device that several items can be attached to at a {{belay station}}, notable versions include the Petzl PAW.

ripped

Term to denote when a piece of {{protection}} failed and "ripped-out" of the rock. See {{zipper fall}}.^[2]​

rivet hanger

 

A piece of {{aid climbing}} equipment used by the {{lead climber}} to attach to {{bolt runner}} rivets in the rock. See also {{carrot bolt}}.

rock hammer

A lightweight hammer with a short handle used for inserting {{piton}}s, {{bolt}}s, and {{copperhead}}s in {{aid climbing}} and {{big wall climbing}}. See also {{ice hammer}}.}}

rockover move

A rock-climbing technique where the body weight is transferred (or "rocked-over") to the raised up-hill leg to reach a higher hold.^[2]​

rodeo clipping

To clip into the first piece of {{protection}} from the ground by swinging a loop of rope so that it is caught by a pre-placed {{carabiner}}.^[68]​

roof

 

An {{overhang}} that is so steep, it becomes horizontal.^[2]​

rope bag

Specialist lightweight but hardwearing bag for carrying a {{climbing rope}}.^[1]​

rope drag

See {{drag}}.^[1]​

rope jumping

Jumping a full rope-length from the top of a rock face with the rope attached to a fixed {{anchor}} like a bungee cord.

rope team

See {{simul climbing}}.

rose move

A move in which the crossing arm goes behind the other arm and is so far extended that the body is forced to twist until it ends up facing away from the rock. It was introduced by fr to climb a route in Buoux called La rose et le vampire 8b in 1985.^[69]​

route

See {{climbing route}}.

RP

A small {{protection}} {{nut}} on a wire for tiny cracks with marginal holding power; named after Roland Pauligk.^[2]​

runner

1.  In the US, a {{sling}} is made from nylon-blend materials, used by climbers for a multitude of purposes.^[1]​

2.  In the UK, any item of {{protection}} placed by the {{lead climber}} to reduce the length of a fall.^[2]​

runout

 

In a term in {{lead climbing}} for the distance between points of good {{protection}}; in the grading of climbs, routes with long runouts have higher adjectival "{{E-grade|E}}" grade (British system), or an {{r/x|R/X}}or even {{X}} suffix ({{yosemite decimal system|American system}}). See {{ground fall}}.^[1]​^[2]​

RURP

 

A miniature, postage stamp-sized chrome-moly square {{piton}}, tied to a wire or rope and {{rock hammer|hammered}} into cracks; created by Yvon Chouinard in 1960 for extreme {{aid climbing}} routes in Yosemite; acronym for realized ultimate reality piton.^[70]​

R/X

A suffix used in the {{yosemite decimal system}} for {{traditional climbing}} routes that have poor possibilities for {{protection}} where any fall could be serious (e.g. Master's Edge). See {{X}}.

S

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S-grade

Part of the {{deep-water soloing}} system for {{grade|grading}} the objective danger difficulty of DWS climbing routes, which goes: S0, S1, S2, and S3. See also {{x|X}}.}}

saddle

A high pass between two peaks, larger than a {{col}}.

sandbag

A rock climb with a much lower official climbing {{grade}} than probably deserved; sometimes due to a "trick-move" at the {{crux}} that once learned, does make the route easier; or due to overly conservative grading.^[2]​

scrambling

A type of climbing somewhere between hiking and graded rock climbing; involves climbing the easiest {{grades}}.

screamer

1.  A nylon {{webbing}} structure consisting of one large loop sewn in multiple places to make a shorter length.

2.  A British term for a large {{whipper}} fall.^[2]​

scree

Small, loose rocks, at the base of a cliff or slope; distinguished from {{talus}}.

screw on

A small climbing {{hold}} screwed onto the wall on a {{climbing wall}}. }}

second

 

A climber who follows the {{lead climber}}; often acts as the {{belayer}}.

self-arrest

Using the pick of an {{ice axe}} to arrest a fall, or to control a {{glissade}}.

self-belay

The act of using a mechanical device for {{belaying}} in {{solo climbing}}. See {{self-locking device}}.}}

self-locking device

 

A device used in {{solo climbing}}, and particularly rope solo climbing, to automatically arrest falls. Examples include Wren's Silent Partner. See also {{progress capture device}}. Compare {{automatic belay}}.}}

self rescue

Actions taken by a climber(s) to execute their own rescue or recovery from a difficult or dangerous situation.

send

To {{free climbing|free climb}} a {{route}}, via an {{on-sight}}, {{flash}}, or {{redpoint}}.^[2]​^[1]​

serac

A large tower of ice on the surface of a glacier; falling seracs are a serious hazard to mountaineers.

SERENE

Acronym for building {{anchor|anchors}}; stands for Strong, Equalised, Redundant, Efficient, No Extension. See also {{ERNEST}}.

sewing-machine leg

The involuntary vibration of the leg due to fatigue and/or panic and stress.^[2]​}}

shadow match

A rock climbing move to quickly switch hands on a {{hold}} that can only fit one hand at a time.

sharp end

The end of the rope that is attached to the {{lead climber}}, to denote the more serious activity they are undertaking compared to the {{belayer}}.^[2]​

short fixing

An advanced {{big wall}} climbing technique where the {{lead climber}} fixes the rope at an anchor to allow the {{second}} to ascend using {{jumar}}s, while the leader climber then continues to ascend in a rope solo climbing fashion; unlike {{simul climbing}}, neither is {{belay}}ing the other.^[71]​^[72]​

side pull

 

A vertical {{hold}} that needs to be gripped with a sideways pull towards the body.^[1]​^[2]​^[11]​

simul climbing

An advanced technique in which two climbers move simultaneously upward, with the {{lead climbing|leader}} placing {{protection}} that the {{second}} removes as they advance. A {{protection capture device (PCD)}} may also be used.^[72]​}}

single-rope technique

The use of a single rope where one or both ends of the rope are attached to fixed {{anchor}} points. See {{fixed rope}}.

sit start

 

{{Bouldering}} term for a route that must be started from a seated position on the ground with hands and feet on prescribed holds; acronyms are SS (sit-start), SDS (sit-down-start), or assis (french); concept invented by John Yablonski.^[73]​}}

skyhook

 

A metal {{hook}} inserted on a horizontal {{hold}} for {{protection}} in {{traditional climbing}}, or in {{aid climbing}}.

slab

A low-angle — significantly less than vertical — rock face that requires {{slab climbing}} techniques.^[2]​

slab climbing

A type of climbing on {{slab}}s that usually emphasizes balance, footwork, and {{smearing}}.

slack

In {{lead climbing}} and in {{top rope climbing}}, it is the amount of additional rope that the {{belayer}} has allowed; slack increases the distance of any fall before the {{protection}} begins to hold the rope, but is needed to reduce {{rope drag}} or {{aid climbing|aid}}.^[74]​

sling

A closed loop of {{webbing}}.^[2]​

sloper

 

A {{hold}} where the surface slopes down toward the ground, with very little {{positive}} surface or lip.^[1]​^[2]​^[12]​

smearing

To make use of friction on the sole of the {{climbing shoe}} in the absence of good footholds.^[1]​^[2]​^[12]​

snarg

A type of tubular {{ice screw}} that is inserted by hammering with an {{ice hammer}}.

snow cave

A temporary shelter constructed by digging out snow to form a cave.

snow fluke

 

An angled aluminum plate attached to a cable or rope that is buried into the snow to create a {{deadman anchor}}.

solo climbing

When the climber is alone (with no {{second}}); if also without {{protection}} is {{free solo climbing}}. See rope solo climbing.

speed climbing

A {{competition climbing}} discipline where competitors race in pairs up a standardized {{climbing wall}}.^[1]​

spinner

In {{indoor climbing}}, a {{hold}} that is not secure and spins in place when weight is applied.

splitter

 

A crack with perfectly parallel sides, often in an otherwise blank face.

sport climbing

A style of {{lead climbing}} where the {{protection}} is via pre-placed fixed {{bolt}}s; opposite of {{traditional climbing}}.^[3]​ Confusingly, {{competition climbing}} (which includes bolted lead climbing, but also free solo bouldering and top-roped speed climbing) is sometimes called "sport climbing".^[2]​^[3]​

spotting

People standing beneath a {{lead climber}} or {{bouldering}} climber ready to absorb the energy of a {{ground fall}}.^[2]​

sprag

A type of hand position where the fingers and thumb are opposed in a tiny crack.^[2]​

spring-loaded camming device

A type of active {{protection}} device used in {{crack climbing}}. See {{cam}}.^[2]​}}

static rope

A non-elastic {{climbing rope}} used for {{abseiling}} or {{jumar|jumaring}} (as a {{fixed rope}}), but not {{lead climbing}}. Compare {{dynamic rope}}.^[2]​^[29]​

stein pull

A technique in {{mixed climbing}} and {{dry-tooling}} where the ice axe is inverted and the blade wedged into a crack above the climber's head, who then pulls down on the handle of the axe to gain upward momentum. See also {{undercling pull}}.^[75]​

stemming

 

Technique for climbing opposing corners by pushing in opposite directions with the feet and hands. See {{chimneying}}.^[1]​^[2]​^[12]​^[11]​

step cutting

Scooping steps out of snow or ice with the adze of an {{ice axe}}.

step kicking

Scooping and stamping steps out of soft snow with the feet.

Sticht plate

A {{belay device}} consisting of a flat plate with a pair of slots, named after the inventor Fritz Sticht.^[2]​ See also {{gigi|GiGi}}.

stick clip

 

A long pole with a {{quickdraw}} that can be clipped into the first {{bolt}} of a route from the ground.^[1]​

stopper

1.  A wedge-shaped {{nut}} made by Black Diamond.

2.  A knot used to prevent the end of a rope from running through—and detaching from—a piece of {{gear}}.^[1]​^[2]​

sure-footedness

Sure-footedness is the ability when hiking or mountain climbing, to negotiate difficult or rough terrain safely.^[76]​

T

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tat

Term to describe pieces of {{webbing}} or {{cord}} left on a climb (e.g. "I found some old tat") often as part of an irretrievable {{anchor}} point that was part of an {{abseiling|abseil station}}.^[77]​

take

The act of taking the {{slack}} out of a rope; also a {{climbing command}} by a {{lead climber}} to the {{belayer}}.^[1]​}}

talus

 

An area of large rock fragments on a mountainside where the rocks are stable and not loose like {{scree}}.

talon hook

A type of three-pronged climbing hook used for securing the climber to a horizontal edge in the rock face. Each prong contains a curved hook of differing widths for securing onto respective edge sizes when aid climbing.

tape

 

Adhesive tape that is wrapped around the fingers and hands to protect the skin; particularly useful in {{crack climbing}}.

technical grade

See {{grade}}.

testpiece

A route that is representative of the hardest climbs in an area at a particular {{grade}} (e.g. Action Directe for {{grade}} 9a).

tie in

To physically attach the {{harness}} to the climbing rope, usually via a {{figure-eight knot}}. See {{clip in}}.}}

thread

A {{runner}} created by "threading" a {{sling}} around a jammed block or through a hole in the rock.^[2]​

toe hook

 

Act of pressing the upper side of the toes under a {{hold}} to pull the climber inwards; used on {{overhang}}s.^[1]​^[12]​

topo

The graphical representation – drawing or photograph – of a climbing route, with the main obstacles marked.

top rope climbing

 

To {{belay}} from a fixed {{anchor}} point above the climb; if the climber falls, they just hang. See {{hangdog}}ging.^[2]​^[1]​^[3]​

top-out

To complete a {{route}} by ascending over the top of the climb to safety.^[2]​

torque pull

A technique in {{mixed climbing}} and {{dry-tooling}} where the ice axe is wedged into a crack and twisted to generate torque to aid upward momentum. See also {{undercling pull}} and {{stein pull}}.^[75]​

tracking

See {{feet follow}}.

traditional climbing

 

A style of {{lead climbing}} where {{protection}} is placed as the {{lead climber}} ascends; opposite of {{sport climbing}}.^[2]​^[3]​

trail rope

A {{big wall climbing}} technique where the {{lead climber}} carries an additional static rope (in addition to their dynamic climbing rope) that hangs (or "trails") behind them as they ascend; the trail rope enables the belayer to pass equipment to the leader during the ascent, and for the leader to haul up equipment as the belayer ascends.^[22]​^[61]​}}

traverse

 

1.  A section of a {{route}} that requires progress in a horizontal direction.^[1]​^[2]​

2.  A Tyrolean traverse is crossing a chasm using a {{fixed rope}} anchored at both ends.

3.  A pendulum traverse is swinging across a wall suspended from a rope anchored above the climber.^[22]​

4.  A tension traverse is a static version of a pendulum traverse where rope tension is used to control movement.^[22]​

tricam

 

A simple {{camming}} {{protection}} device that has no moving parts (e.g. it is {{passive protection}}).

tuber

 

A type of {{belay device}}.

tufa

 

1.  A limestone rib formation that protrudes from the wall which climbers can pinch-grip.

2.  A plastic bolted-on {{bouldering}} hold to replicate such a formation on an {{climbing wall}}.

twin ropes

In {{lead climbing}}, using two ropes that are even thinner than {{double ropes}}, both of which need to be {{clip in|clipped in}} at each point of {{protection}}; sometimes used in long {{alpine climbing}} routes with major {{abseiling}} descents.^[29]​

twist lock

A climbing move where the hips "twist" perpendicular to the wall, the inside arm is "locked" on an upper hold, the outside arm holds the body against the wall, and the feet press down to propel the body higher.

U

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UIAA

Acronym for the international governance body for mountaineering and other types of climbing; UIAA also regulates {{competition ice climbing}}.^[1]​ See also {{ifsc|IFSC}}.

UIAA grade

The {{UIAA}} grade system for rock climbing, which goes: ... VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, .... , to XII; is less common than the {{French grade}} system or the American {{yosemite decimal system|YDS grade}} system, but still used in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe.^[6]​}}

UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty

See {{Alpine-grade}}.^[6]​

undercling

A downward {{hold}} which is gripped with the palm of the hand facing upwards.^[1]​^[2]​^[11]​}}

undercling pull

After a {{stein pull}} is completed, the undercling pull is a {{mixed climbing}} technique for continuing to use the hold to gain upward momentum by using the hold to pull into the rock; requires a lot more energy than a stein pull.^[75]​

undercut

See {{undercling}}.

V

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V-grade

A {{grade|grading system}} for {{bouldering}} {{problem|problems}} invented by John Sherman, which goes: V0, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V7, ... , to V17. The V-scale and the French {{font}} scale are the most common boulder grading systems in use worldwide.^[1]​^[6]​}}

V-thread

A type of {{abseiling}} point used especially in winter and in {{ice climbing}}.}}

verglas

A thin coating of ice that forms over rocks when rainfall or melting snow freezes, which is hard to climb on as there is insufficient depth for {{crampons}} to have penetration. See also {{clear ice}} and {{glaze ice}}.

via ferrata

 

An alpine {{route}} where {{protection}} is from permanent steel {{fixed ropes}} or chains, with progression aided by artificial steel steps or ladders; commonly found in the Dolomites. See also {{lanyard}} and {{energy absorber}}.}}

volume hold

 

A large, hollow, bolted-on {{hold}}, for indoor {{climbing wall}}s; it may itself contain individual holds

W

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WI-grade

Part of the {{ice climbing}} system for {{grade|grading}} the technical difficulty of ice climbing routes, which goes: WI1, WI2, WI3, WI4, WI5, WI6, and up to WI13.^[4]​ See also {{M-grade}}.}}

webbing

 

A hollow and flat nylon strip mainly used to make {{sling|slings}}.

webolette

A piece of {{webbing}} with eyes sewn into the ends which can be used in place of a {{cordelette}}.

weighting

Any time a rope sustains the weight of the climber, e.g. "weighting the rope". This can happen during a minor fall, a {{whipper}} (long fall), or simply by resting while hanging on the {{belay}} rope. See also {{hangdog|hangdogging}}.

whipper

 

A large fall by a {{lead climber}} as they were well beyond the last piece of {{protection}}. See {{screamer}}.^[78]​

wire brushing

{{clean|Cleaning}} a rock climbing route with a wire brush before an attempt; has ethical issues due to rock damage and possible {{chipping}}.^[2]​

wired

See {{dialled}}.^[2]​

wires

See {{nut|nuts}}.^[2]​

X

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X

A suffix used in the {{Yosemite decimal system}} for highlighting {{traditional climbing}} routes that have poor or even no possibilities for {{protection}}, where any fall could be fatal (e.g. Indian Face and Gaia). See {{r/x|R/X}} and {{chop route}}.

Y

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yaniro

French term for a {{figure-four}} move which came from American climber Tony Yaniro's use of it on Chouca 8a+.^[79]​

yo-yo

A {{free climbing}} term pre-{{redpoint}}ing, where a falling {{lead climber}} returns to the ground to restart, but leaves their rope clipped into the {{protection}} — in redpointing, the rope is pulled free from all protection before re-starting the climb.^[2]​

Yosemite Decimal System

American system for {{grade|grading}} walks, hikes, and climbs; the rock climbing (5.x) goes: 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10a, 5.10b, 5.10c, 5.10d, 5.11a, .... , 5.14a, 5.14b, 5.14c, 5.14d, 5.15a, etc., and with the {{French grade}} system, is the most widely used grading system worldwide for {{sport climbing}}.^[6]​

Z

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z-clipping

While {{lead climbing}}, {{clipping in|clipping into}} {{protection}} with a segment of rope from beneath the previous piece of protection, resulting in {{rope drag}}.^[1]​^[10]​

z-pulley

 

A system of rope, anchors, and {{pulley}}s; is typically used to extricate a climber after falling into a {{crevasse}}.

zawn

 

In Britain, a deep, narrow inlet in a sea cliff that is filled by the sea at high tide.^[2]​

zipper fall

A {{traditional climbing}} {{ground fall}} where all the {{protection}} gear fails in sequence (i.e. opens like a "zip").^[2]​^[80]​}}

zone hold

 

In competition bouldering, a hold roughly halfway up that counts towards scoring; formerly (up to 2017) "bonus hold".

See also

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• Climbing equipment
• Glossary of caving and speleology
• List of climbers and mountaineers
• Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills

References

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1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an añ ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bñ bo bp bq br bs} Climbing Staff (4 de mayo de 2022). «What's A Redpoint And What Do Other Climbing Terms Mean? Our Climbing Dictionary Has The Answers». Climbing. Consultado el 3 March 2023. 
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an añ ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bñ bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn cñ co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl} Bate, Chris; Arthur, Charles (8 de mayo de 2006). «A Glossary of Climbing terms: from Abseil to Zawn». UK Climbing (en inglés). Consultado el 29 April 2018. 
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Andrew Bisharat (6 October 2009). Sport Climbing: From Toprope to Redpoint, Techniques for Climbing Success. Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1594852701. Consultado el 15 August 2023.  ebook: ISBN 9781594855139
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} «Grade Comparison Chart». Alpinist. 2023. Archivado desde el original el 30 March 2021. Consultado el 10 March 2023.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
5. ↑ Ellison, Julie; Whitehead, JP (28 April 2016). «Training: 16 Climbing Games». Climbing. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019. 
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Mandelli, Gabriele; Angriman, A (2016). Scales of Difficulty in Mountaineering. Central School of Mountaineering, Italy. S2CID 53358088. 
7. ↑ Weidner, Heather (11 November 2018). «Total Body Climbing: Use All Your Body Parts for Smart, Savvy Climbing». Climbing. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019. 
8. ↑ Simon, R, Bryan; Hawkins, Seth C. (18 March 2019). «Learn This: Deep-Water Soloing 101». Climbing. Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2023. 
9. ↑ Corrigan, Kevin (4 September 2022). «Rappellers Threw Themselves Face First Off Cliff With One-Nut Anchor». Climbing. Consultado el 21 March 2023. 
10. ↑ ^{a b} «Three Common Lead Climbing Mistakes to Avoid». Grippped Magazine. 1 March 2021. Consultado el 3 March 2023. 
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} «Climbing Techniques and Moves | REI Expert Advice». REI. Consultado el 13 March 2019. 
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} «Intermediate Moves». ClimbingTechniques.org (en inglés). Consultado el 13 March 2019. 
13. ↑ Schwartz, Howie (21 July 2016). «Demystifying the Ball Nut!». Sierra Mountain Guides. Consultado el 10 March 2023. 
14. ↑ ^{a b} Osius, Alison (22 August 2022). «Sh*t Climbers Bring These Days». Outside. Consultado el 25 June 2024. 
15. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Brinlee, Chris (16 March 2016). «The Noob's Guide to Rock Climbing». Outside. Consultado el 5 July 2023. 
16. ↑ «Belay stations – Mountaineering Methodology». www.mountaineeringmethodology.com. Archivado desde el original el 29 January 2018. Consultado el 8 December 2017.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
17. ↑ Griffith, Conor (2023). «How It Works: The Bicycle». FrictinoLabs. Consultado el 5 March 2023. 
18. ↑ Pack, Pamela (18 April 2016). «Learn This: Offwidth Protection Primer». Climbing. Consultado el 30 October 2023. 
19. ↑ Santelices, Christian (18 June 2013). «How to Hip Belay». Climbing.com. Consultado el 20 April 2023. 
20. ↑ Bagley, Pat (2 February 2023). «Learn This Critical Skill for Steep Rock: Boinking». Climbing. Consultado el 5 March 2023. 
21. ↑ Fitchcroft, Cath (25 October 2007). «Bomb-proof belay stakes at Pembroke». British Mountaineering Council. Consultado el 1 March 2023. 
22. ↑ ^{a b c d} Synott, Mark (23 February 2022). «Everything You Need to Know for Your First Big Wall». Climbing. Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2023. 
23. ↑ «Bowline on a bight». Consultado el July 4, 2020. 
24. ↑ Siacci, Ryan (12 July 2023). «Many a visitor has left our shores with crappy dacks (a quaint piece of slang meaning basically what you'd expect) after an exciting episode with this Aussie icon.». Climbing. Consultado el 8 November 2023. 
25. ↑ «The Boot Flake on The Nose on El Cap is Gone, April Foola». Gripped Magazine. 2 April 2020. Consultado el 25 de mayo de 2023. 
26. ↑ Kuehl, Matt (18 December 2015). «Don't Just Wing It: 6 Crucial Wide-Crack Techniques». Climbing. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019. 
27. ↑ Achey, Jeff (27 April 2022). «Before "the Nut" There Was "the Pebble"… and It Was Sketchy». Climbing. Consultado el 12 September 2023. 
28. ↑ Der Sächsische Bergsteigerbund, ed. (1 September 2009), «5.1 Klettergipfel» (Webdokument), Sächsische Kletterregeln : Vollständige Fassung (en german), archivado desde el original el 10 September 2011, consultado el 16 November 2009  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda).
29. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Potter, Stephen (25 July 2022). «Your Complete Guide to Rock Climbing Ropes». Climbing. Consultado el 21 March 2023. 
30. ↑ Dunne, Toby (17 August 2021). «A brief history of competition climbing». British Mountaineering Council. Consultado el 10 March 2023. 
31. ↑ Quinn, Steve (13 August 2008). «The Crux». Climbing. Consultado el 24 December 2022. 
32. ↑ Walker, Noah (21 July 2021). «Do Ethical Dabs in Bouldering Exist?». Gripped Magazine. Consultado el 5 March 2023. 
33. ↑ Mountaineering : the freedom of the hills. Mountaineers Books. 2017. ISBN 9781680510034. OCLC 978286879. 
34. ↑ «Climbing Movement: 17. The DeadPoint». Climbing Tech Tips. 20 August 2017. Archivado desde el original el 20 September 2020. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
35. ↑ ^{a b c d} Cymerman, A; Rock, PB. «Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers». US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. USARIEM-TN94-2. Archivado desde el original el 23 de abril de 2009. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2009.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
36. ↑ «Film: Emilio Comici – Angel of the Dolomites». Gripped Magazine. 8 July 2015. Consultado el 25 August 2023. 
37. ↑ «DIRTBAG: THE LEGEND OF FRED BECKEY Screening». The Mountaineers (en inglés). Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2021. 
38. ↑ Ellison, Julie (11 January 2013). «Extension Basics». Climbing. Consultado el 9 December 2016. 
39. ↑ «Preventing Rope Drag». ClimbingTechniques.org. Consultado el 9 December 2016. 
40. ↑ Potter, Stephen (23 August 2022). «A Beginner's Guide to Lead Climbing». Climbing. Consultado el 24 December 2022. 
41. ↑ «Drilling Bolts? Do Not Do This!». Mountain Project. Consultado el 15 December 2017. 
42. ↑ «Drilled Pitons in the desert». Mountain Project. Consultado el 15 December 2017. 
43. ↑ ^{a b} Larson, Josh (14 December 2021). «Uncoordinated? Here are Three Drills to Improve Your Dynamic Movement». Climbing. Consultado el 25 April 2023. 
44. ↑ Frommer, Harvey (2005). The Sports Junkie's Book of Trivia, Terms, and Lingo: What They Are, Where They Came From, and How They're Used. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-4616-2603-9. 
45. ↑ ^{a b} Pardy, Aaron (2 November 2022). «Onsight and Flash – What Do They Mean?». Gripped Magazine. Consultado el 24 December 2022. 
46. ↑ «What is French free climbing». Climber. 12 April 2021. Consultado el 5 March 2023. 
47. ↑ IFSC 2021 Rules Commission. «2021 Rules». Consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2021. 
48. ↑ ^{a b c} Pardy, Aaron (5 November 2022). «Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint – What Do They Mean?». Gripped Magazine. Consultado el 21 December 2022. 
49. ↑ Corrigan, Kevin (6 October 2022). «Hangboarding For Everyone». Climbing. Consultado el 10 March 2023. 
50. ↑ Haas, Laz (21 July 2022). «How to Hangdog Sport Climbing». Climbing. Consultado el 3 March 2023. 
51. ↑ ^{a b} Nelson, Ryan (27 February 2012). «Is Mixed Climbing Legitimate?». Rock & Ice. Archivado desde el original el 30 April 2023. Consultado el 30 April 2023.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
52. ↑ Mountaineering : the freedom of the hills. Mountaineers Books. 2017. ISBN 9781680510034. OCLC 978286879. 
53. ↑ «Best Ice Climbing tools | Black Diamond Ice Axes | Black Diamond® Climbing Gear». 
54. ↑ «IFSC RULES 2023». International Federation of Sport Climbing. April 2023. Consultado el 2 April 2023. 
55. ↑ Buys, Jordan (15 November 2010). «Use your knees!». UKClimbing. Consultado el 12 December 2016. 
56. ↑ Walker, Noah (31 December 2020). «Grading: Adam Ondra and Alex Megos on Ethics and Kneepads». Gripped Magazine. Consultado el 25 June 2024. 
57. ↑ Adam Ondra (8 January 2021). «Climbing Ethics». AdamOndra.com. Consultado el 1 January 2022. 
58. ↑ «Leavittation: How To Climb Offwidth Cracks». Gripped Magazine. 8 de mayo de 2013. Consultado el 6 March 2023. 
59. ↑ Hartemann, Frederic; Hauptman, Robert (15 de junio de 2005). The Mountain Encyclopedia: An A to Z Compendium of Over 2,250 Terms, Concepts, Ideas, and People. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 9781461703310. 
60. ↑ Samet, Matt (26 June 2019). «Ah Yes: The Red-Tag / Open Project Dilemma». Climbing. Consultado el 15 September 2023. 
61. ↑ ^{a b} Ogden, Jared (2005). «Chapter1: Big Wall Climbing Procedures». Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique (1st edición). Mountaineers Books. pp. 94-140. ISBN 978-0898867480. 
62. ↑ Wharton, Josh (25 August 2022). «Top-rope soloing: How Josh Wharton Climbs Multi-pitches Faster and With Less Energy». Climbing. Consultado el 5 March 2023. 
63. ↑ Black, Christian (3 February 2022). «Rope Solo Rock Climbing: Understanding How It's Done». GearJunkie. Consultado el 3 March 2023. 
64. ↑ Warild, Al (1994). «Chapter 6: Descent». Vertical (3rd edición). National Speleological Society. p. 96. ISBN 978-0958925372. Consultado el 2 July 2024. 
65. ↑ Chelton, Neil (2024). «How To Climb a Big Wall – Fixing Pitches». VDiff Climbing. Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2024. 
66. ↑ Miller, Sam (26 October 2022). «Opinion: Not Retro-Bolting Is Irresponsible. A Doctor Sounds Off.». Climbing. Consultado el 1 March 2023. 
67. ↑ Bordeau, Steve (18 July 2023). «Should We Really Retro-bolt That Dangerous Classic?». Climbing. Consultado el 12 September 2023. 
68. ↑ Midtbø, Magnus (30 October 2017). «How to Rodeo Clip – Climbing Rope Skills». Rock & Ice. Archivado desde el original el 11 March 2023. Consultado el 10 March 2023.  Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
69. ↑ «Watch Anna Stohr do the Rose Move on the Famous Rose Route». Gripped Magazine. 22 November 2018. Consultado el 10 March 2023. 
70. ↑ Ax, Anders (6 November 2015). «Tool Users: Realized Ultimate Reality Piton». Alpinist. Consultado el 10 March 2023. 
71. ↑ Facante, Russ (4 April 2012). «Short-Fixing». Climbing. Consultado el 10 March 2023. 
72. ↑ ^{a b} Oakley, Miranda (23 December 2022). «Advanced Climbing Techniques: Simul-Climbing and Short-Fixing». Climbing. Consultado el 10 March 2023. 
73. ↑ Copeland, Victor (15 October 2022). «The Weird Origins Of Bouldering's Sit Start». Climbing. Consultado el 13 August 2023. 
74. ↑ Potter, Stephen (23 August 2022). «A Beginner's Guide to Lead Climbing». Climbing. Consultado el 18 March 2023. 
75. ↑ ^{a b c} Issac, Sean (2 February 2004). «Ice Climbing Skills: The Stein Pull». Climbing. Consultado el 30 April 2023. 
76. ↑ Soanes, Catherine and Stevenson, Angus (ed.) (2005). Oxford Dictionary of English, 2nd Ed., revised, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, p. 1775. ISBN 978-0-19-861057-1.
77. ↑ Middleton, Dan (2 June 2008). «Tech skills: abseil stations». British Mountaineering Council. Consultado el 21 March 2023. 
78. ↑ «Enjoy These Sick 6 Weekend Whippers On a Monday, Just Because». Climbing. 2019. Consultado el 24 December 2022. 
79. ↑ «Eline & Marc Le Menestrel: Chouca and Buoux, yesterday, today and tomorrow». PlanetMountain. 31 March 2020. Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2023. 
80. ↑ «Weekend Whipper: First-time Traditional Climbing Leader Rips-Out 3 (out of 4) Pieces». Climbing. 2 April 2022. Consultado el 1 March 2023. 

External links

editar

• What’s A Redpoint And What Do Other Climbing Terms Mean? Our Climbing Dictionary Has The Answers, Climbing (May 2022)
• UK Climbing (UK) Glossary of Terms from Abseil to Zawn, UK Climbing Magazine (May 2006)
• Rock Climbing Glossary, REI Co-Op (April 2023)
• Glossary of climbing terms, theCrag (2023)

[[Category:Climbing|*]] [[Category:Glossaries of sports|Climbing terms]] [[Category:Climbing techniques| ]] [[Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists]] [[Category:Climbing and mountaineering-related lists]]