Tercer_grado_(interrogatorio) Knowpia

El tercer grado es un eufemismo de "infligir dolor, físico o mental, para extraer confesiones o declaraciones".^[1] En 1931 la Comisión Wickersham encontró que el uso de tercer grado se encontraba ampliamente esparcido en los Estados Unidos.^[1] Se desconoce el origen del término, aunque se manejan diversas hipótesis.^[1]

Posibles orígenes

El tercer grado de la francmasonería y los rigurosos procedimientos para avanzar a ese nivel.^[1]
El término puede haber sido forjado por Richard H. Sylvester, el Jefe de policía de Washington D. C. en 1910. Él dividió los procedimientos policiales en arresto como primer grado, transporte a la cárcel como segundo grado, e interrogatorio como tercer grado.^[2]^[3]^[4]
También pudo haber sido creado por Thomas F. Byrnes, quizás como un juego de palabras, como en quemadura en tercer grado.^[5]

Referencias

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jerome Herbert Skolnick (1994). Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. Simon and Schuster. p. 43. ISBN 0029291534. «... which it defined as "the inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements" was widespread throughout the United States ... Another, proposed in 1910 by Richard Sylvester, President of the ...»
↑ «'Third Degree' Not Brutal Washington's Police Head Tells Academy of Social and Political Science.». New York Times. 9 de abril de 1910. Consultado el 27 de julio de 2009.
↑ Darius M. Rejali (2007). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691114226. «The phrase was originally coined by Major Richard Sylvester of Washington, ... Many American police chiefs denied that police practiced the third degree. ...»
↑ Richard H. Sylvester (1974). Administration of justice in the United States. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 18. ISBN 0405061366.
↑ Ken Alder (2007). The Lie Detectors. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0743259882. «Thomas Byrnes, New York's notorious cop, is said to have coined the term "third degree" — perhaps a pun on his name — for his violent interrogations ...»

Datos: Q7785055

[above-1] Jerome Herbert Skolnick (1994). Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. Simon and Schuster. p. 43. ISBN 0029291534. «... which it defined as "the inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements" was widespread throughout the United States ... Another, proposed in 1910 by Richard Sylvester, President of the ...»

[2] «'Third Degree' Not Brutal Washington's Police Head Tells Academy of Social and Political Science.». New York Times. 9 de abril de 1910. Consultado el 27 de julio de 2009.

[3] Darius M. Rejali (2007). Torture and Democracy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691114226. «The phrase was originally coined by Major Richard Sylvester of Washington, ... Many American police chiefs denied that police practiced the third degree. ...»

[4] Richard H. Sylvester (1974). Administration of justice in the United States. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 18. ISBN 0405061366.

[5] Ken Alder (2007). The Lie Detectors. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0743259882. «Thomas Byrnes, New York's notorious cop, is said to have coined the term "third degree" — perhaps a pun on his name — for his violent interrogations ...»

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Summary

Posibles orígenes

Referencias